Some examples from this set of practice questions
1.
What are the main assumptions of the Behaviourist approach?
Answer: 1. Behaviour is learned from experience 2. Only observable behaviour can be measured scientifically, so it is only this behaviour that should be studied 3. Animal research is valid, as animals share the same principles of learning as humans 4. All humans are born as a blank slate, so there is no biological influence on behaviour
2.
What is the definition of classical conditioning?
Answer: Learning by association. When two stimuli are repeatedly paired together to the point that both stimuli present the same response (can be either positive or negative). It is passive learning.
3.
What is stimulus generalisation?
Answer: When a stimulus becomes generalised to other related stimuli, which also become associated with the conditioned response (e.g. rabbits and all fluffy animals)
4.
What is stimulus discrimination?
Answer: When classical conditioning doesn’t work because the neutral stimulus is too different to the unconditioned stimulus
5.
What is time contiguity?
Answer: Associations only occur if the unconditioned + neutral stimulus are presented at the same/ a similar time.
6.
What research supports classical conditioning?
Answer: Pavlov\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\'s dogs: Classically conditioned dogs to salivate when hearing a bell
7.
What is the definition of operant conditioning?
Answer: Learning by reinforcement and punishment. Reinforcement encourages repetition of a behaviour. Punishment discourages repetition. It involves active learning.
8.
What is positive reinforcement?
Answer: The addition of something pleasant to encourage behaviour
9.
What is negative reinforcement?
Answer: The removal of something unpleasant to encourage behaviour
10.
What is positive punishment?
Answer: The addition of something unpleasant to discourage behaviour
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